Richmond international movers

Richmond international movers

Local moving companies

Understanding the importance of reliability during your move, BBX Moving ensures a seamless and dependable process from start to finish. Licensed movers First off, they're fast and efficient. As we explore the reasons behind their trusted status, you'll discover the difference that professional and personalized service makes in transforming a potentially stressful event into a smooth and successful transition. Recognizing the importance of budget-friendly options, BBX Moving offers affordable pricing plans tailored to fit your financial needs.

Richmond international movers - Local moving companies

  1. Affordable relocation
  2. Moving labor
  3. Corporate relocation services
  4. Home moving company
  5. Pet-friendly moving services
  6. Climate-controlled storage
  7. Interstate moving
  8. Weekend moving availability
  9. Commercial moving services
  10. Short-term storage
  11. Cross-country moving
  12. Personalized moving solutions
  13. Piano movers
  14. Student movers
  15. State-to-state movers
  16. Partial packing services
  17. Office movers
  18. Same-day move-in help
You won't have to worry about gathering boxes, painstakingly wrapping each item, or figuring out the safest way to pack your fragile belongings. Learn more about Richmond international movers here
Instead, BBX Moving assesses the specifics of your situation, such as the volume of items, distance, and any special requirements like delicate or oversized items. Learn more about BBX Moving here. This ensures any potential issues are addressed promptly, avoiding unnecessary delays. You won't find yourself stuck in a one-size-fits-all solution. It's an ideal time to get rid of items you no longer need, making your move lighter and more cost-effective.
With BBX Moving, you're not just getting a service; you're getting peace of mind knowing that every aspect of your commercial relocation is in expert hands. Residential movers Customers frequently highlight the flexibility and reliability of the service, noting how BBX accommodates last-minute changes without a hitch. You won't have to worry about the safety of your items; BBX Moving's team is trained in the latest packing techniques, using high-quality materials to wrap and cushion your belongings. Isn't it quite the coincidence that just as you're considering an office relocation, BBX Moving emerges as a beacon of simplicity in the often tumultuous sea of commercial moving services in Richmond?
Their commitment to secure transportation services means you can focus on your business transition, trusting that your assets are in safe hands. They're not just about trucks; they've specialized lifting gear to handle heavy or awkwardly shaped items. Building on the idea of flexible storage, let's explore how short-term storage options can specifically cater to your immediate needs during a move. BBX Moving goes the extra mile by offering custom crating solutions for items that require special care, such as large machinery or delicate electronics.

Richmond international movers - In-home estimates

  1. Movers for hire
  2. Load and unload help
  3. Boxes and packing materials
  4. Professional movers
  5. Out-of-state movers
  6. Eco-friendly moving services
  7. Top-rated movers
  8. Affordable movers
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  10. Furniture delivery
  11. Long-distance moving
  12. Insured moving companies
  13. Fragile item packing
  14. Moving and storage
  15. Furniture movers
  16. Family-owned moving companies
  17. Movers near me
  18. Relocation services

BBX Moving's team stands out for their professionalism and friendliness, ensuring your moving experience is both efficient and enjoyable. Secondly, reliability is their middle name. What sets BBX Moving apart is their commitment to communication. Their high-quality packing materials and experienced packers mean that your items are protected, regardless of the distance they travel. They've got the local knowledge, the right equipment, and the professional attitude to ensure everything goes off without a hitch.

This means less stress for you and more time to focus on settling into your new home or office. Lastly, if you're overwhelmed, consider hiring professional movers like BBX Moving.

Richmond international movers - Efficient moving crews

  1. Packing supplies
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  3. Senior moving services
  4. Moving company specials
  5. Household movers
  6. Labor-only moving
  7. Experienced movers
  8. Quick move-in assistance
  9. Residential relocation
  10. Movers for hire
  11. Load and unload help
  12. Boxes and packing materials
  13. Professional movers
  14. Out-of-state movers
  15. Eco-friendly moving services
Moreover, BBX Moving's transparent pricing means no surprises on moving day. Recognizing your diverse storage needs, BBX Moving offers a range of options to securely accommodate everything from a handful of boxes to an entire home's contents.

You'll receive a personalized moving plan that outlines every detail, from packing your delicate china to securing your bulky furniture. You'll schedule a pickup time with BBX Box Rentals, and they'll come to collect the rented boxes at your new location. Moreover, BBX Moving doesn't just load and transport your possessions. That's why BBX Moving has designed a system that takes the hassle out of relocating.

It's that easy to get started. From the moment you reach out to us, you'll notice our focus on personalized service. You're not just hiring movers; you're getting a partner that understands the ins and outs of relocating in Richmond.

Richmond international movers - Apartment moving services

  1. Furniture assembly and disassembly
  2. Moving cost calculator
  3. Local relocation
  4. Small move specialists
  5. Affordable relocation
  6. Moving labor
  7. Corporate relocation services
  8. Home moving company
  9. Pet-friendly moving services
  10. Climate-controlled storage
  11. Interstate moving
  12. Weekend moving availability
  13. Commercial moving services
  14. Short-term storage
  15. Cross-country moving
  16. Personalized moving solutions
Packing and crating services You're aware of the challenges that come with moving an office-everything from the meticulous planning required to the potential for lost productivity during the transition.

Insured moving services Richmond

The indigenous Coast Salish peoples were the first people to inhabit the area of modern-day Richmond, with the Musqueam Band naming the site near Terra Nova "spələkʷəqs" or "boiling point". Today, East Asian Canadians make up a majority of Richmond's population, along with the Continental Asian Canadian population numbering almost three-fourths of the city's population. As a member municipality of Metro Vancouver, Richmond is composed of eight local neighbourhoods: Sea Island, City Centre, Thompson, West Richmond, Steveston, South Arm, East Richmond and Hamilton. As of 2023, the city has an estimated population of 229,781 people.

Residential Moving Richmond

Nearby Tourist Attractions

Allen Lambert Galleria

Old Toronto
Tourist attraction
Allen Lambert Galleria, 181 Bay St., Toronto, ON M5J 2T3
This glass & steel atrium & indoor pedestrian walkway is known for its modern, photogenic design.

Skylon Tower

Falls View
Tourist attraction, Restaurant, Observation deck
Skylon Tower, 5200 Robinson St, Niagara Falls, ON L2G 2A2
Observation tower featuring sweeping vistas of Niagara Falls plus an arcade & revolving restaurant.

Niagara Falls

Tourist attraction, Nature preserve
Niagara Falls, Niagara Falls, NY 14303, United States
Famous, towering waterfalls at the boundary of Canada & the United States, with tours & boat rides.

Horseshoe Falls of Canada

Tourist attraction
Horseshoe Falls of Canada, 6650 Niagara River Pkwy, Niagara Falls, ON L2E 6T2
Canadian portion of America's famous, towering Niagara Falls, with boat tours to the waterfall.

Monticello

Tourist attraction, Historical place, Historical landmark
Monticello, 1050 Monticello Loop, Charlottesville, VA 22902, United States
President Jefferson's stately 1769 mansion & slave plantation, with tours, a museum, a cafe & more.


Citations and other links

Richmond Apartment Movers

With advanced notice, you can retrieve or add items to your unit, making it a hassle-free extension of your home. This ensures you won't be left without internet or electricity when you arrive at your new home. Whether you're relocating across town or planning a long-distance move, they've got you covered. They also understand that every move is unique, which is why they offer customizable moving plans.
That's where expanded storage options come into play, offering you the flexibility and security you need during these times. Choosing BBX Moving for your relocation needs ensures you're partnering with a top-tier, experienced moving team dedicated to making your move as seamless as possible. They're not only adept at maneuvering your furniture through tight spaces but also have a keen eye for detail, ensuring nothing is missed during the packing and moving process.
This not only makes packing easier but also reduces moving costs. Their team of professionals is trained to handle your belongings with precision, ensuring that everything from sensitive documents to high-value equipment is transported securely. Read more about Richmond international movers here They're flexible, allowing you to choose a delivery slot that fits your hectic schedule.
BBX Moving ensures everything arrives in the same condition as it left, thanks to their meticulous packing and handling techniques. Having outlined the essentials of preparing for your move, let's now focus on the team that'll make your transition as smooth as possible: the BBX Moving Team.

Richmond international movers - Licensed movers

  • Affordable relocation
  • Moving labor
  • Corporate relocation services
  • Home moving company
  • Pet-friendly moving services
  • Climate-controlled storage
  • Interstate moving
  • Weekend moving availability
  • Commercial moving services
  • Short-term storage
  • Cross-country moving
  • Personalized moving solutions
  • Piano movers
  • Student movers
  • State-to-state movers
  • Partial packing services
Invest in sturdy boxes, bubble wrap, and packing tape to protect your valuables.

Richmond Apartment Movers
Packing and moving homes Richmond

Packing and moving homes Richmond

Another key benefit is the sturdiness and durability of rented boxes. To make your moving process smoother and less stressful, here are some invaluable tips and tricks to consider. Local moving specialists Packing tips for moving They're willing to go the extra mile to meet your specific moving needs while keeping costs reasonable. With BBX Moving, you're not just getting a moving service; you're getting a partner dedicated to making your transition as smooth and stress-free as possible.

Look for facilities with robust security features like surveillance cameras, gated access, and on-site personnel. I've moved several times before, but this was by far the smoothest experience.'These testimonials are a testament to BBX Moving's commitment to providing a stress-free moving experience. Whether you're transitioning your home or business, you're likely seeking a moving service that combines professionalism with a personal touch, ensuring your belongings are handled with the utmost care.

With BBX Moving, you're not just hiring movers; you're partnering with a team that cares about your move as much as you do. As the saying goes, 'a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step,' and if your next big move is on the horizon, finding the right moving company is that crucial first step.

Richmond international movers - Cheap moving companies

  1. Office movers
  2. Same-day move-in help
  3. Packing supplies
  4. Household item movers
  5. Senior moving services
  6. Moving company specials
  7. Household movers
  8. Labor-only moving
  9. Experienced movers
  10. Quick move-in assistance
  11. Residential relocation
  12. Movers for hire
  13. Load and unload help
  14. Boxes and packing materials
  15. Professional movers
  16. Out-of-state movers
Their team is trained to pack each item with precision, giving you peace of mind that everything is safely stowed away.

Imagine you're about to embark on the daunting task of moving your entire life from one home to another in Richmond international movers.

Richmond local moving help

BBX Moving doesn't just transport your belongings; they offer a comprehensive moving solution. Arranging this in advance ensures a seamless transition to your new residence without any service interruptions. You're not just moving furniture; you're moving the very tools your employees need to perform their jobs. Unlike residential moves, commercial relocations require a deep understanding of logistics, from carefully packing sensitive equipment to minimizing disruptions to your daily operations. By opting for rented boxes, you're not only saving money but also contributing to a healthier planet.

Once you've provided BBX with the details of your move, they'll craft a tailor-made plan that suits your business's unique needs. That's why they've designed their services to provide maximum value without compromising on quality or efficiency. With BBX, you're not just making a move; you're making the right move. When you're planning your next move, whether it's across town or to a new business location, you're not just looking for someone to haul your belongings.

Recognizing the unique needs of each move, BBX Moving offers customizable packages to perfectly match your requirements. They're committed to making your move as smooth and stress-free as possible, proving why they're the go-to choice for Richmond residents. For longer needs, BBX Moving's long-term storage options are equally flexible and secure, ideal for when you're navigating longer transitions or simply need extra space. They understand the importance of sticking to schedules and strive to minimize any disruptions to your daily routine.

BBX Box Rentals streamlines your move. In an effort to reduce waste and promote sustainability, consider reusing or renting moving boxes instead of buying new ones. Moreover, comparing BBX's prices with buying cardboard boxes outright, the savings are clear. However, BBX Moving now offers not just moving services but also furniture installation, aiming to take the weight off your shoulders. In-home estimates

Richmond local moving help
Furniture moving truck Richmond
Furniture moving truck Richmond

It's this personalized approach that makes them a top choice for moving in Richmond international movers.

Richmond international movers - Moving day tips

  • Packing supplies
  • Household item movers
  • Senior moving services
  • Moving company specials
  • Household movers
  • Labor-only moving
  • Experienced movers
  • Quick move-in assistance
  • Residential relocation
  • Movers for hire
  • Load and unload help
  • Boxes and packing materials
  • Professional movers
  • Out-of-state movers
  • Eco-friendly moving services
  • Top-rated movers
  • Affordable movers
  • Local movers with truck
  • Furniture delivery
  • Long-distance moving
Efficient moving crews Once you've made your selection, you simply fill out a rental form with your personal details and moving dates. Moving cost calculator BBX Moving understands that time is of the essence during a move. Same-day movers Your feedback is invaluable to us; it's the compass that guides our improvements. Choosing BBX means you're choosing a hassle-free, eco-conscious moving solution that saves you time and money.

They ask the right questions and provide solutions that fit your specific needs, not just a one-size-fits-all service package. They're responsive, courteous, and ready to address any concerns you might have. They're equipped with climate-controlled units, meaning your sensitive items are protected against temperature and humidity extremes. Recognizing the diverse needs of their clients, BBX Moving Solutions often provides specialized moving services tailored to handle unique items with care and precision.

This approach not only benefits your wallet but also the environment, making BBX Moving a smart choice for budget-conscious and eco-aware individuals alike. With a reputation for quality and customer satisfaction, uncovering the benefits of these new storage solutions and how they can transform your moving experience is just around the corner. BBX Moving has tailored a service that not only streamlines your moving process but does so with an eye for sustainability and efficiency. First off, start by decluttering your home. Heavy item movers

This box should be loaded last so it can be accessed first. Don't just take our word for it; these testimonials speak volumes about the quality and reliability of BBX Moving. You won't find them scrambling at the last minute or wasting time figuring out what goes where.

Richmond international movers - Efficient moving crews

  1. Local moving companies
  2. In-home estimates
  3. Apartment moving services
  4. Packing tips for moving
  5. Licensed movers
  6. Packing and crating services
  7. In-town moving
  8. Reliable moving services
  9. Efficient moving crews
  10. Local moving specialists
  11. Senior relocation services
  12. Moving day tips
  13. Heavy item movers
  14. Moving help by the hour
  15. Same-day movers
It's clear that BBX's commitment to quality doesn't stop at moving; it extends to every aspect of their storage solutions, ensuring you're supported every step of the way.

Richmond Budget Movers

With BBX Moving, you're not just getting a moving service; you're getting peace of mind. While the team at BBX Moving impresses with their professionalism and friendliness, their transparent pricing structure also sets them apart, ensuring you know exactly what you're paying for every step of the way. Building on their commitment to minimizing business disruption, BBX Moving also offers customized moving strategies tailored specifically to your company's needs. At the heart of BBX Moving's exceptional service is a team of highly experienced movers who ensure your commercial relocation is seamless and stress-free. Your feedback is crucial for us.
You can reach out to us through our website, over the phone, or even stop by our office in person. That's unmatched customer satisfaction in action. Once you're done, the boxes are returned, inspected, and prepared for the next user. They know you can't afford to pause operations for long, if at all.
Whether you need a unit for a month or a year, the ability to choose and adjust your rental term prevents you from paying for more time than you use. That's exactly what BBX Moving brings to the table. This makes unpacking in your new home much more straightforward.

Richmond international movers - Licensed and bonded movers

  • Short-term storage
  • Cross-country moving
  • Personalized moving solutions
  • Piano movers
  • Student movers
  • State-to-state movers
  • Partial packing services
  • Office movers
  • Same-day move-in help
  • Packing supplies
  • Household item movers
  • Senior moving services
  • Moving company specials
  • Household movers
  • Labor-only moving
  • Experienced movers
You'll also receive a transparent quote, giving you a clear understanding of the costs involved.
Whether it's a few boxes, furniture, or your entire household, BBX Moving has the resources to keep your belongings secure. You're likely curious about what these expanded storage options mean for you, how they can alleviate some of the moving-day stress, and why flexibility in storage has become a key player in the moving industry. Moving help by the hour With BBX Moving, you can achieve a seamless office relocation in Richmond that respects your budget and business needs. Reaching out to BBX Moving for your relocation needs marks the first step towards a seamless moving experience.

Explore Richmond international movers here
Richmond Budget Movers

Mover or movers may refer to:

Persons with the surname

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Short visual history of furniture styles (from left to right): cloisonné plaque (Assyrian), Chair of Reniseneb (Ancient Egyptian), metal brazier with satyrs from Pompei (Greco-Roman), fall-front cabinet inlaid with ivory (Indian), low-back armchair (Chinese), casket with images of Cupids (Byzantine), wood and ivory furniture fragment (Islamic), chest (Gothic), analogion (Romanian Medieval), sideboard with two bodies (Renaissance), gilded table (Baroque), commode (Rococo), armchair with cornucopia (Louis XVI), secretary (Empire), fauteuil a joues armchair (19th century Eclecticism and/or Revivalism), vitrine (Art Nouveau), commode (Art Deco), IKEA kitchen cupboards and a table with glass top (Contemporary)

Furniture refers to objects intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, working, and sleeping (e.g., beds and hammocks). Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground, such as tables and desks), or to store things (e.g., cupboards, shelves, and drawers). Furniture can be a product of design and can be considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture's functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. It can be made from a vast multitude of materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Furniture can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflects the local culture.

People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilization and continues today in some households/campsites. Archaeological research shows that from around 30,000 years ago, people started to construct and carve their own furniture, using wood, stone, and animal bones. Early furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers and beds all constructed from stone. Complex construction techniques such as joinery began in the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt. This era saw constructed wooden pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes decorated with valuable metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture design continued in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, with thrones being commonplace as well as the klinai, multipurpose couches used for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs. The nineteenth century is usually defined by revival styles. The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen as the march towards Modernism. One unique outgrowth of post-modern furniture design is a return to natural shapes and textures.[1]

Etymology

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The English word furniture is derived from the French word fourniture,[2] the noun form of fournir, which means to supply or provide.[3] Thus fourniture in French means supplies or provisions.[4] The English usage, referring specifically to household objects, is specific to that language;[5] French and other Romance languages as well as German use variants of the word meubles, which derives from Latin mobilia, meaning "moveable goods".[6]

History

[edit]

Prehistory

[edit]

The practice of using natural objects as rudimentary pieces of furniture likely dates to the beginning of human civilization.[7] Early humans are likely to have used tree stumps as seats, rocks as rudimentary tables, and mossy areas for sleeping.[7] During the late Paleolithic or early Neolithic period, from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their own furniture, using wood, stone and animal bones.[8] The earliest evidence for the existence of constructed furniture is a Venus figurine found at the Gagarino site in Russia, which depicts the goddess in a sitting position, on a throne.[9] A similar statue of a seated woman was found in Çatalhöyük in Turkey, dating to between 6000 and 5500 BCE.[7] The inclusion of such a seat in the figurines implies that these were already common artefacts of that age.[9]

A range of unique stone furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland The site dates from 3100 to 2500 BCE and due to a shortage of wood in Orkney, the people of Skara Brae were forced to build with stone, a readily available material that could be worked easily and turned into items for use within the household. Each house shows a high degree of sophistication and was equipped with an extensive assortment of stone furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers, and beds to shelves, stone seats, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was regarded as the most important as it symbolically faces the entrance in each house and is therefore the first item seen when entering, perhaps displaying symbolic objects, including decorative artwork such as several Neolithic carved stone balls also found at the site.

Antiquity

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Ancient furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century BCE Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces found here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are also surviving works from the 9th–8th-century BCE Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the 6th and 3rd century BCE.

Ancient Egypt

[edit]

Civilization in ancient Egypt began with the clearance and irrigation of land along the banks of the River Nile,[10] which began in about 6000 BCE. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings.[11] At this period, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar was in use by around 4000 BCE The inhabitants of the Nile Valley and delta were self-sufficient and were raising barley and emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[12] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[12] Evidence of furniture from the predynastic period is scarce, but samples from First Dynasty tombs indicate an already advanced use of furnishings in the houses of the age.[13]

During the Dynastic Period, which began in around 3200 BCE, Egyptian art developed significantly, and this included furniture design.[14] Egyptian furniture was primarily constructed using wood, but other materials were sometimes used, such as leather,[15] and pieces were often adorned with gold, silver, ivory and ebony, for decoration.[15] Wood found in Egypt was not suitable for furniture construction, so it had to be imported into the country from other places,[14] particularly Phoenicia.[16] The scarcity of wood necessitated innovation in construction techniques. The use of scarf joints to join two shorter pieces together and form a longer beam was one example of this,[17] as well as construction of veneers in which low quality cheap wood was used as the main building material, with a thin layer of expensive wood on the surface.[18]

The earliest used seating furniture in the dynastic period was the stool, which was used throughout Egyptian society, from the royal family down to ordinary citizens.[19] Various different designs were used, including stools with four vertical legs, and others with crossed splayed legs; almost all had rectangular seats, however.[19] Examples include the workman's stool, a simple three legged structure with a concave seat, designed for comfort during labour,[20] and the much more ornate folding stool, with crossed folding legs,[21] which were decorated with carved duck heads and ivory,[21] and had hinges made of bronze.[19] Full chairs were much rarer in early Egypt, being limited to only wealthy and high ranking people, and seen as a status symbol; they did not reach ordinary households until the 18th dynasty.[22] Early examples were formed by adding a straight back to a stool, while later chairs had an inclined back.[22] Other furniture types in ancient Egypt include tables, which are heavily represented in art, but almost nonexistent as preserved items – perhaps because they were placed outside tombs rather than within,[23] as well as beds and storage chests.[24][25]

Ancient Greece

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Three illustrations of ancient Greek chairs, each being notated with a letter: a, b-klismos, and c-chair

Historical knowledge of Greek furniture is derived from various sources, including literature, terracotta, sculptures, statuettes, and painted vases.[26] Some pieces survive to this day, primarily those constructed from metals, including bronze, or marble.[26] Wood was an important and common material in Greek furniture, both domestic and imported.[26] A common technique was to construct the main sections of the furniture with cheap solid wood, then apply a veneer using an expensive wood, such as maple or ebony.[26] Greek furniture construction also made use of dowels and tenons for joining the wooden parts of a piece together.[26] Wood was shaped by carving, steam treatment, and the lathe, and furniture is known to have been decorated with ivory, tortoise shell, glass, gold or other precious materials.[27]

The modern word "throne" is derived from the ancient Greek thronos (Greek singular: θρÏŒνος), which was a seat designated for deities or individuals of high status/hierarchy or honor.[28] The colossal chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia, constructed by Phidias and lost in antiquity, featured the god Zeus seated on an elaborate throne, which was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony and ivory, according to Pausanias.[29] Other Greek seats included the klismos, an elegant Greek chair with a curved backrest and legs whose form was copied by the Romans and is now part of the vocabulary of furniture design,[30] the backless stool (diphros), which existed in most Greek homes,[31] and folding stool.[32] The kline, used from the late seventh century BCE,[33] was a multipurpose piece used as a bed, but also as a sofa and for reclining during meals.[34] It was rectangular and supported on four legs, two of which could be longer than the other, providing support for an armrest or headboard.[35] Mattresses, rugs, and blankets may have been used, but there is no evidence for sheets.[34]

In general, Greek tables were low and often appear in depictions alongside klinai.[36] The most common type of Greek table had a rectangular top supported on three legs, although numerous configurations exist, including trapezoid and circular.[37] Tables in ancient Greece were used mostly for dining purposes – in depictions of banquets, it appears as though each participant would have used a single table, rather than a collective use of a larger piece.[38] Tables also figured prominently in religious contexts, as indicated in vase paintings, for example, the wine vessel associated with Dionysus, dating to around 450 BCE and now housed at the Art Institute of Chicago.[39] Chests were used for storage of clothes and personal items and were usually rectangular with hinged lids.[37] Chests depicted in terracotta show elaborate patterns and design, including the Greek fret.[34]

Ancient Rome

[edit]

Roman furniture was based heavily on Greek furniture, in style and construction. Rome gradually superseded Greece as the foremost culture of Europe, leading eventually to Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BC. Rome thus took over production and distribution of Greek furniture, and the boundary between the two is blurred. The Romans did have some limited innovation outside of Greek influence, and styles distinctly their own.[40]

Roman furniture was constructed principally using wood, metal and stone, with marble and limestone used for outside furniture. Very little wooden furniture survives intact, but there is evidence that a variety of woods were used, including maple, citron, beech, oak, and holly. Some imported wood such as satinwood was used for decoration. The most commonly used metal was bronze, of which numerous examples have survived, for example, headrests for couches and metal stools. Similar to the Greeks, Romans used tenons, dowels, nails, and glue to join wooden pieces together, and also practised veneering.[40]

The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

 

Middle Ages

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Gothic credenza; 1440–1450; walnut and intarsia; 147.3 x 317.5 x 63.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

In contrast to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, there is comparatively little evidence of furniture from the 5th to the 15th century.[41] Very few extant pieces survive, and evidence in literature is also scarce.[41] It is likely that the style of furniture prevalent in late antiquity persisted throughout the Middle Ages.[41] For example, a throne similar to that of Zeus is depicted in a sixth-century diptych,[41] while the Bayeux tapestry shows Edward the Confessor and Harold seated on seats similar to the Roman sella curulis.[42] The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented with carved designs.

The Hellenistic influence upon Byzantine furniture can be seen through the use of acanthus leaves, palmettes, bay and olive leaves as ornaments. Oriental influences manifest through rosettes, arabesques and the geometric stylisation of certain vegetal motifs. Christianity brings symbols in Byzantine ornamentation: the pigeon, fishes, the lamb and vines.[43] The furniture from Byzantine houses and palaces was usually luxurious, highly decorated and finely ornamented. Stone, marble, metal, wood and ivory are used. Surfaces and ornaments are gilded, painted plychrome, plated with sheets of gold, emailed in bright colors, and covered in precious stones. The variety of Byzantine furniture is pretty big: tables with square, rectangle or round top, sumptuous decorated, made of wood sometimes inlaid, with bronze, ivory or silver ornaments; chairs with high backs and with wool blankets or animal furs, with coloured pillows, and then banks and stools; wardrobes were used only for storing books; cloths and valuable objects were kept in chests, with iron locks; the form of beds imitated the Roman ones, but have different designs of legs.[44]

The main ornament of Gothic furniture and all applied arts is the ogive. The geometric rosette accompanies the ogive many times, having a big variety of forms. Architectural elements are used at furniture, at the beginning with purely decorative reasons, but later as structure elements. Besides the ogive, the main ornaments are: acanthus leaves, ivy, oak leaves, haulms, clovers, fleurs-de-lis, knights with shields, heads with crowns and characters from the Bible. Chests are the main type of Gothic furniture used by the majority of the population. Usually, the locks and escutcheon of chests have also an ornamental scope, being finely made.[45]

Renaissance

[edit]

Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by the Greco-Roman tradition. A similar explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century.

17th and 18th centuries

[edit]

The 17th century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs that frequently incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe.

During the 18th century, the fashion was set in England by the French art. In the beginning of the century Boulle cabinets were at the peak of their popularity and Louis XIV was reigning in France. In this era, most of the furniture had metal and enamelled decorations in it and some of the furniture was covered in inlays of marbles lapis lazuli, and porphyry and other stones. By mid-century this Baroque style was displaced by the graceful curves, shining ormolu, and intricate marquetry of the Rococo style, which in turn gave way around 1770 to the more severe lines of Neoclassicism, modeled after the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.[52] Creating a mass market for furniture, the distinguished London cabinet maker Thomas Chippendale's The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director (1754) is regarded as the "first comprehensive trade catalogue of its kind".[53]

There is something so distinct in the development of taste in French furniture, marked out by the three styles to which the three monarchs have given the name of "Louis Quatorze", "Louis Quinze", and "Louis Seize". This will be evident to anyone who will visit, first the Palace of Versailles, then the Grand Trianon, and afterwards the Petit Trianon.[54]

19th century

[edit]
The Chevy Chase Sideboard by Gerrard Robinson. Often considered to be one of the finest furniture pieces of the 19th century and an icon of Victorian furniture.

The nineteenth century is usually defined by concurrent revival styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, and Rococo. The design reforms of the late century introduced the Aesthetic movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was influenced by both of these movements. Shaker-style furniture became popular during this time in North America as well.

Early North American

[edit]

This design was in many ways rooted in necessity and emphasizes both form and materials. Early British Colonial American[vague] chairs and tables are often constructed with turned spindles and chair backs often constructed with steaming to bend the wood. Wood choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a particular emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit bearing trees such as cherry or walnut.[citation needed]

Mid-Century Modern

[edit]
Eames Lounge (670) and Ottoman (671) 1956

The first three-quarters of the 20th century is seen as the march towards Modernism. The furniture designers of Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Jugendstil, Wiener Werkstätte, and Vienna Secession all worked to some degree within the Modernist motto.

Born from the Bauhaus and Streamline Moderne came the post-World War II style "Mid-Century Modern". Mid-Century Modern materials developed during the war including laminated plywood, plastics, and fiberglass. Prime examples include furniture designed by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladimir Kagan and Danish modern designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen.

Contemporary

[edit]

Industrialisation, Post-Modernism, and the Internet have allowed furniture design to become more accessible to a wider range of people than ever before. There are many modern styles of furniture design, each with roots in Classical, Modernist, and Post-Modern design and art movements. The growth of Maker Culture across the Western sphere of influence has encouraged higher participation and development of new, more accessible furniture design techniques. One unique outgrowth of this post-modern furniture design trajectory is Live Edge, which incorporates the natural surface of a tree as part of a furniture object, heralding a resurgence of these natural shapes and textures within the home.[1] Additionally, the use of Epoxy Resin has become more prevalent in DIY furniture styles.

Ecodesign

[edit]
Stainless Steel Table with FSC Teca Wood – Brazil Ecodesign

Great efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led to the manufacturing of products with higher sustainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of furniture is based on environmentally friendly design. Its use and popularity are increasing each year.[69]

Postmodernism

[edit]

Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement. Transitional furniture is intended to fill a place between Traditional and Modern tastes.[citation needed]

Asian history

[edit]

Asian furniture has a quite distinct history. The traditions out of India, China, Korea, Pakistan, Indonesia (Bali and Java) and Japan are some of the best known, but places such as Mongolia, and the countries of South East Asia have unique facets of their own.

Far Eastern

[edit]
Detail of a Chinese moon-gate bed from circa 1876

The use of uncarved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers are well known Chinese styles. It is worth noting that Chinese furniture varies dramatically from one dynasty to the next. Chinese ornamentation is highly inspired by paintings, with floral and plant life motifs including bamboo trees, chrysanthemums, waterlilies, irises, magnolias, flowers and branches of cherry, apple, apricot and plum, or elongated bamboo leaves; animal ornaments include lions, bulls, ducks, peacocks, parrots, pheasants, roosters, ibises and butterflies. The dragon is the symbol of earth fertility, and of the power and wisdom of the emperor. Lacquers are mostly populated with princesses, various Chinese people, soldiers, children, ritually and daily scenes. Architectural features tend toward geometric ornaments, like meanders and labyrinths. The interior of a Chinese house was simple and sober. All Chinese furniture is made of wood, usually ebony, teak, or rosewood for heavier furniture (chairs, tables and benches) and bamboo, pine and larch for lighter furniture (stools and small chairs).[70]

Traditional Japanese furniture is well known for its minimalist style, extensive use of wood, high-quality craftsmanship and reliance on wood grain instead of painting or thick lacquer. Japanese chests are known as Tansu, known for elaborate decorative iron work, and are some of the most sought-after of Japanese antiques. The antiques available generally date back to the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. Both the technique of lacquering and the specific lacquer (resin of Rhus vernicifera) originated in China, but the lacquer tree also grows well in Japan. The recipes of preparation are original to Japan: resin is mixed with wheat flour, clay or pottery powder, turpentine, iron powder or wood coal. In ornamentation, the chrysanthemum, known as kiku, the national flower, is a very popular ornament, including the 16-petal chrysanthemum symbolizing the Emperor. Cherry and apple flowers are used for decorating screens, vases and shōji. Common animal ornaments include dragons, carps, cranes, gooses, tigers, horses and monkeys; representations of architecture such as houses, pavilions, towers, torii gates, bridges and temples are also common. The furniture of a Japanese house consists of tables, shelves, wardrobes, small holders for flowers, bonsais or for bonkei, boxes, lanterns with wooden frames and translucent paper, neck and elbow holders, and jardinieres.[71]

Types

[edit]

For sitting

[edit]

Seating is amongst the oldest known furniture types, and authors including Encyclopædia Britannica regard it as the most important.[2] In addition to the functional design, seating has had an important decorative element from ancient times to the present day. This includes carved and sculpted pieces intended as works of art, as well as the styling of seats to indicate social importance, with senior figures or leaders granted the use of specially designed seats.[2]

The simplest form of seat is the chair,[72] which is a piece of furniture designed to allow a single person to sit down, which has a back and legs, as well as a platform for sitting.[73] Chairs often feature cushions made from various fabrics.[74]

Types of wood used

[edit]
Making of log furniture: cutting a bar stool from a piece of log

All different types of woods have unique signature marks that can help in easy identification of the type. Hardwood and softwood are the two main categories for wood. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in furniture manufacturing, and each has its own specific uses. Deciduous trees, which have broad leaves that change color periodically throughout the year, are the source of hardwood. Coniferous trees, also known as cone-bearing trees, have small leaves or needles that stay on the tree throughout the year.[75][76] Common softwoods used include pine, redwood and yew. Higher quality furniture tends to be made out of hardwood, including oak, maple, mahogany, teak, walnut, cherry and birch. Highest quality wood will have been air dried to rid it of its moisture.[77]

Cherry

[edit]

A popular furniture hardwood is American black cherry. Cherry is a light reddish brown to brown color that intensifies into a rich color as it ages, and grows mostly in the eastern United States. Cherry has a tighter grain than birch and is softer. Much cherry lumber is narrow, and it has been utilized to make many lovely classic furniture pieces.[75]

Birch

[edit]

Birch is a sturdy, durable, even-textured hardwood that is common in the United States and Canada. The wood appears white or creamy yellow to light brown with a crimson tinge in its natural state. Birch is frequently stained to complement other types of wood in furniture. Birch is used to make a lot of transparent, cabinet-grade plywood because it absorbs stain well and finishes beautifully. Birch is frequently used to construct interior doors and cupboards in addition to furniture.[75]

Restoration of furniture

[edit]

Restoring a piece of furniture may imply attempting to repair and revive the original finish in some way. More often than not, this entails removing the existing treatment and preparing the raw wood for a new finish. Methods for repair depend on what kind of wood it is: solid or veneered, hardwood or softwood, open grained or closed grained. These variables can sometimes decide if a piece of furniture is worth repairing, as well as the type of repairs and finish it will require if it is restored. The 3 methods of restoring furniture are rejuvenate, repair, and refinish.

Rejuvenate The piece can easily be restored by just cleaning and waxing the surface while preserving the current finish. It works on wooden furniture that is still in good shape and is the simplest way to clean it.

Repair This process can fix dents and cracks by touching up some worn-out areas without removing the surface with this technique, the finish can be maintained while repairing the object with specialized products.

Refinish Remove anything that is left for example any paint with a finish-stripper product or lightly sanding the area down and then applying wood finish like oil wax in order to protect the secure the wood.[75]

Cleaning Remove dirt, dust, and grime from the furniture using a mild soap or specialized furniture cleaner.

Standards for design, functionality and safety

[edit]
Installment by L. Gargantini for the Bolzano fair, 1957. Photo by Paolo Monti (Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC).
  • EN 527 Office furnitureWork tables and desks: This European standard specifies requirements and test methods for office work tables and desks, ensuring their functionality and safety.
  • EN 1335 Office furnitureOffice work chair: This European standard sets requirements for office chairs, focusing on ergonomics and comfort to promote user well-being and productivity.
  • ANSI/BIFMA X 5.1 Office Seating: This American National Standard, published by the Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA), provides requirements for the performance and durability of office seating.
  • DIN 4551 Office furniture; revolving office chair: This German standard covers revolving office chairs with adjustable backrests, armrests, and height, ensuring their quality and safety.
  • EN 581 Outdoor furniture – Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use: This European standard specifies the requirements for outdoor seating and tables used in various settings, including camping and domestic use.
  • EN 1728:2014 Furniture – Seating – Test methods for the determination of strength and durability: This European standard outlines test methods to assess the strength and durability of seating furniture, last updated in 2014.
  • EN 1730:2012 Furniture – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard provides test methods to evaluate the stability, strength, and durability of various types of furniture.
  • BS 4875 Furniture. Strength and stability of furniture: This British Standard focuses on determining the stability of non-domestic storage furniture, helping ensure its safety and reliability.
  • EN 747 Furniture – Bunk beds and high beds – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength, and durability: This European standard sets test methods to assess the stability, strength, and durability of bunk beds and high beds.
  • EN 13150 Workbenches for laboratories – Safety requirements and test methods: This European standard specifies safety requirements and test methods for laboratory workbenches to ensure safe working conditions.
  • EN 1729 Educational furniture, chairs, and tables for educational institutions: This European standard outlines requirements for educational furniture, including chairs and tables, to support comfort and ergonomics in educational settings.
  • RAL-GZ 430 Furniture standard from Germany: RAL is a German standardization organization, and RAL-GZ 430 provides guidelines and standards for various types of furniture in Germany.
  • NEN 1812 Furniture standard from the Netherlands: NEN is the Dutch Institute for Standardization, and NEN 1812 sets standards for furniture in the Netherlands.
  • GB 28007-2011 Children's furniture – General technical requirements for children's furniture: This Chinese standard specifies technical requirements for children's furniture designed and manufactured for children aged 3 to 14.
  • BS 5852: 2006 Methods of test for assessment of the ignitability of upholstered seating: This British Standard outlines test methods to assess the ignitability of upholstered seating, both by smoldering and flaming ignition sources.
  • BS 7176: This British Standard specifies requirements for the resistance to ignition of upholstered furniture used in non-domestic settings through composite testing. These standards help ensure the quality, safety, and performance of various types of furniture in different regions and applications. Manufacturers and consumers often use these standards as guidelines to meet specific requirements and ensure product reliability.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Gray, Channing. "Haute and cool: Fine Furnishings show branches out in 10th year with a bigger spread of classic and cutting-edge pieces". The Providence Journal.
  2. ^ a b c "Furniture". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  3. ^ "English Translation of "fournir"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  4. ^ "English Translation of "fourniture"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  5. ^ Weekley 2013, pp. 609–610.
  6. ^ Solodow 2010, p. 146.
  7. ^ a b c Smardzewski 2015, p. 4.
  8. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 1.
  9. ^ a b Smardzewski 2015, p. 2.
  10. ^ Roebuck 1966, p. 51.
  11. ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 6.
  12. ^ a b Roebuck 1966, p. 52.
  13. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art 1999, p. 117.
  14. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 1.
  15. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 14.
  16. ^ Gadalla 2007, p. 243.
  17. ^ Smardzewski 2015, pp. 13–14.
  18. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 14.
  19. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 15.
  20. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 6.
  21. ^ a b Litchfield 2011, pp. 6–7.
  22. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 17.
  23. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 21.
  24. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 22.
  25. ^ Blakemore 2006, p. 24.
  26. ^ a b c d e Blakemore 2006, p. 39.
  27. ^ Richter 1966, p. 125.
  28. ^ Richter 1966, p. 13.
  29. ^ Richter 1966, pp. 14, NH 5.11.2ff.
  30. ^ Linda Maria Gigante, "Funerary Art," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Vol. 1, ed. Michael Gagarin and Elaine Fantham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 246.
  31. ^ Guhl, E.; Koner, W. (1989). Everyday Life in Greek and Roman Times. New York: Crescent. p. 133.
  32. ^ Wanscher 1980, p. 83.
  33. ^ Simpson, 253.[full citation needed]
  34. ^ a b c Blakemore 2006, p. 43.
  35. ^ Andrianou, 36.[full citation needed]
  36. ^ Richter 1966, p. 63.
  37. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 42.
  38. ^ Richter 1966, p. 66.
  39. ^ Chicago Painter. "Stamnos (Mixing Jar)". Art Institute of Chicago.
  40. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 61.
  41. ^ a b c d Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 33.
  42. ^ Lucie-Smith 1979, p. 35.
  43. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 172.
  44. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 174.
  45. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 206, 207, 209, 210 & 211.
  46. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  47. ^ Vazaca, Marina (1999). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României Ghidul ColecÈ›iilor (in Romanian). Muzeul NaÈ›ional de Artă al României. p. 70. ISBN 2-7118-3840-4.
  48. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  49. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  50. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  51. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  52. ^ unknown (18 September 2013) [before 1923]. A history of feminine fashion. Nabu Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-289-62694-5.
  53. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company (2003). The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 317. ISBN 978-0618252107.
  54. ^ Litchfield 2011, p. 211.
  55. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  56. ^ "Pier Table". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  57. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  58. ^ Bailey 2012, p. 287.
  59. ^ "Slant-Front Desk". The Art Institute of Chicago.
  60. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  61. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  62. ^ Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  63. ^ a b Jacquemart, Albert (2012). Decorative Art. Parkstone. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84484-899-7.
  64. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  65. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  66. ^ Odile, Nouvel-Kammerer (2007). Symbols of Power • Napoleon and the Art of the Empire Style • 1800–1815. Abrams. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8109-9345-7.
  67. ^ "Desk". philamuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  68. ^ "Paris et l'Art Nouveau". Nº281 Dossier de l'Art (in French). Éditions Faton. 2020.
  69. ^ "Ecodesign Report – The Results of a survey Amongst Australian Industrial Design Consultancies". Big's Furniture. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  70. ^ Bucătaru 1991, pp. 152, 153, 154 & 156.
  71. ^ Bucătaru 1991, p. 164, 165 & 166.
  72. ^ "Physique of office chair". Foss Alborg. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  73. ^ "Definition of CHAIR". www.merriam-webster.com. 3 June 2023.
  74. ^ Jefferys, Chris (2006). Soft Furnishings. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84330-903-1 – via Google Books.
  75. ^ a b c d Hingley, Brian D. (2021). Ultimate guide to furniture repair & refinishing : restore, rebuild, and renew wooden furniture. Fox Chapel Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-58011-843-9. OCLC 1273413610.
  76. ^ "Types of Wood". Hoove Designs. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  77. ^ Abbas, Abe. "Judge Quality in Wood Furniture". About.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.

References

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